Risk Factors for Bone Fractures in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Saudi Arabian Cohort Study
This study investigates the prevalence and risk factors associated with bone fractures among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in Saudi Arabia. The research was conducted at Prince Sultan Military Medical City, a major tertiary care center in Riyadh, involving 1,188 participants aged between 50 and 90 years, including 581 patients diagnosed with T2D and 607 non-diabetic controls. Data were collected on demographic variables, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and serum creatinine), use of teriparatide, presence of comorbidities such as rheumatoid arthritis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular bone score (TBS), and fracture risk using the FRAX tool with and without BMD input.
The overall fracture prevalence was 9.4%, with a higher incidence observed in diabetic individuals (10.3%) compared to non-diabetics (8.6%). Among the entire cohort, female sex, use of teriparatide, abnormal TBS (partially degraded or degraded), and elevated FRAX scores incorporating TBS—specifically for major osteoporotic fractures (MOF) and hip fractures—were identified as independent predictors of fracture. In non-diabetic patients, only teriparatide use and FRAX with TBS (MOF) emerged as significant risk factors. However, in those with T2D, additional factors including older age, elevated creatinine levels, reduced eGFR, osteopenia, osteoporosis, abnormal TBS, and high FRAX scores with TBS remained independently associated with increased fracture risk.
These findings underscore the complex interplay of metabolic, skeletal, and clinical factors contributing to fracture vulnerability in T2D patients.119478-56-7 manufacturer Despite generally higher BMD in this population, which is typically protective against fractures, the increased risk persists due to compromised bone quality, altered microarchitecture, and other diabetes-related complications such as neuropathy, impaired balance, and recurrent hypoglycemia that elevate fall risk. Furthermore, certain antidiabetic medications and long-standing hyperglycemia may negatively affect bone turnover and strength over time.
The integration of TBS into fracture risk assessment significantly enhances predictive accuracy beyond traditional BMD measurements, particularly in conditions like T2D where bone quality is disproportionately affected.209986-17-4 InChIKey This highlights the importance of advanced imaging tools in clinical decision-making.PMID:29083592 The study’s results advocate for early screening, targeted interventions, and personalized management strategies to prevent fractures in diabetic populations, especially in older adults with prolonged disease duration and multiple comorbidities.
While the study benefits from a large sample size and standardized data collection, its retrospective design and single-center nature limit generalizability. Future prospective, multicenter studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to validate these findings and explore the impact of glycemic control, medication regimens, and lifestyle modifications on fracture outcomes. Ultimately, this research emphasizes the urgent need for integrated approaches to bone health in diabetes care within the Saudi context and beyond.MedChemExpress (MCE) offers a wide range of high-quality research chemicals and biochemicals (novel life-science reagents, reference compounds and natural compounds) for scientific use. We have professionally experienced and friendly staff to meet your needs. We are a competent and trustworthy partner for your research and scientific projects.Related websites: https://www.medchemexpress.com
Influenza A H1N1 (A/Brisbane/02/2018) Nucleoprotein / NP Protein (His Tag)
Name :
Influenza A H1N1 (A/Brisbane/02/2018) Nucleoprotein / NP Protein (His Tag)
Biological Activity :
Background :
Biological Activity :
Testing in progress
Expression Host :
H1N1
Source :
Baculovirus-Insect Cells
Tag :
Protein Accession No. :
EPI1383382
NCBI Gene ID :
Synonyms :
Synonyms :
Amino Acid Sequence :
Molecular Weight :
The recombinant nucleoprotein of Influenza A virus (A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)) consists of 509 amino acids and predicts a molecular mass of 57.6 kDa.
Purity :
> 90 % as determined by SDS-PAGE.
State of Matter :
Product Concentration :
Storage and Stability :
Samples are stable for up to twelve months from date of receipt at -20℃ to -80℃. Store it under sterile conditions at -20℃ to -80℃. It is recommended that the protein be aliquoted for optimal storage. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Endotoxin Level :
< 1.0 EU per μg protein as determined by the LAL method.
Protein Construction :
A DNA sequence encoding the Influenza A virus (A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)) nucleoprotein (translated amino acids of EPI1383382) (Met1-Asn498) was expressed with a polyhistidine tag at the C-terminus.
Buffer Solution :
Lyophilized from sterile 20 mM Tris, 500 mM NaCl, 10 % glycerol, pH 8.0.Please contact us for any concerns or special requirements. Normally 5 % – 8 % trehalose, mannitol and 0.01% Tween80 are added as protectants before lyophilization. Please refer to the specific buffer information in the hardcopy of datasheet.
Shipping :
In general, recombinant proteins are provided as lyophilized powder which are shipped at ambient temperature.Bulk packages of recombinant proteins are provided as frozen liquid. They are shipped out with blue ice unless customers require otherwise.
Redissolution :
A hardcopy of datasheet with reconstitution instructions is sent along with the products. Please refer to it for detailed information.
Synonyms :
References & Citations :
MedChemExpress (MCE) recombinant proteins include: cytokines, enzymes, growth factors, hormones, receptors, transcription factors, antibody fragments, etc. They are often essential for supporting cell growth, stimulating cell signaling pathways, triggering or inhibiting cell differentiation; and are useful tools for elucidating protein structure and function, understanding disease onset and progression, and validating pharmaceutical targets. At MedChemExpress (MCE), we strive to provide products with only the highest quality. Protein identity, purity and biological activity are assured by our robust quality control and assurance procedures.
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Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2
Product Name :
Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2
Brief Description :
Recombinant Protein
Accession No. :
Uniprot ID:Q9R0K7
Calculated MW :
Target Sequence :
Storage :
Store at -20˚C. (Avoid repeated freezing and thawing.)
Application Details :
Storage Buffer:50mM NaH2PO4, 500mM NaCl Buffer with 500mM Imidazole,10%glycerol(PH8.0)gene_full_name:Atp2b2
Uniprot :
Q9R0K7
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CYFIP1 Antibody manufacturer Vac14 Antibody Protocol PMID:34968576 MedChemExpress (MCE) offers a wide range of high-quality research chemicals and biochemicals (novel life-science reagents, reference compounds and natural compounds) for scientific use. We have professionally experienced and friendly staff to meet your needs. We are a competent and trustworthy partner for your research and scientific projects.Related websites: https://www.medchemexpress.com
DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase
Product Name :
DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase
Brief Description :
Recombinant Protein
Accession No. :
Uniprot ID:P23196
Calculated MW :
Target Sequence :
Storage :
Store at -20˚C. (Avoid repeated freezing and thawing.)
Application Details :
Storage Buffer:50mM NaH2PO4, 500mM NaCl Buffer with 500mM Imidazole,10%glycerol(PH8.0)gene_full_name:APEX1
Uniprot :
P23196
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Actinin-α1 Antibody manufacturer Brassicasterol Purity PMID:34626115 MedChemExpress (MCE) offers a wide range of high-quality research chemicals and biochemicals (novel life-science reagents, reference compounds and natural compounds) for scientific use. We have professionally experienced and friendly staff to meet your needs. We are a competent and trustworthy partner for your research and scientific projects.Related websites: https://www.medchemexpress.com
Anti-Muellerian hormone type-2 receptor
Product Name :
Anti-Muellerian hormone type-2 receptor
Brief Description :
Recombinant Protein
Accession No. :
Uniprot ID:Q62893
Calculated MW :
Target Sequence :
Storage :
Store at -20˚C. (Avoid repeated freezing and thawing.)
Application Details :
Storage Buffer:50mM NaH2PO4, 500mM NaCl Buffer with 500mM Imidazole,10%glycerol(PH8.0)gene_full_name:Amhr2
Uniprot :
Q62893
Related category websites: https://www.medchemexpress.com/recombinant-proteins.html
Antibody Dilution Buffer Biological Activity HPPE TGF-beta/Smad PMID:35252020 MedChemExpress (MCE) offers a wide range of high-quality research chemicals and biochemicals (novel life-science reagents, reference compounds and natural compounds) for scientific use. We have professionally experienced and friendly staff to meet your needs. We are a competent and trustworthy partner for your research and scientific projects.Related websites: https://www.medchemexpress.com