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Pratt et al. Acta Neuropathologica Communications (2018) six:24 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-018-0525-LETTER Towards the EDITOROpen AccessBRAF activating mutations involving the 3-C loop in V600E-negative anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomaDrew Pratt1, Sandra Camelo-Piragua1, Kathryn McFadden1, Denise Leung2, Rajen Mody3, Arul Chinnaiyan1,4, Carl Koschmann5* and Sriram Venneti1*Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (A-PXA, WHO grade III) is often a newly defined entity with highgrade histopathologic functions along with a propensity for recurrence [6]. Even though PXA with low-grade histology (WHO grade II) can harbor a recurrent valine-toglutamic acid (p.V600E) point mutation in BRAF in as much as 78 of instances [6], the genomic drivers of APXA are poorly understood as the V600E mutation is absent in over half of A-PXAs [4]. Alterations reported to date in V600E-negative situations have integrated novel BRAF fusions and copy quantity alterations (Table 1). The efficacy of therapeutic targeting oncogenically activated kinases in BRAF-mutant cancers depends on structural variations within the kinase domain. For example, the BRAF V600E mutation is usually sensitive to kinase inhibitors such as vemurafenib, whilst 3-C deletions and non-canonical BRAF mutations are generally resistant to this tiny molecular inhibitor [2]. As a result, from a therapeutic.