Org/10.3390/numdpi/journal/nutrientsNutrients 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW2 ofNutrients 2022, 14,the fetus, amniotic fluid, and breast milk [5]. Excessive consumption of caffeine by a 2 of 15 nursing mother can negatively impact a breastfed infant. As well high a dose of caffeine in the child’s body causes muscle tremors and elevated muscle tension. Excess coffee consumption by nursing females causes nausea and irritability amongst infants, also as inside the child’s sleep difficulties, and convulsions. Researchers tension. Excess coffee nervousness, physique causes muscle tremors and enhanced muscle report that these symptoms consumption by nursing girls causes nausea and irritability among infants, too as in infants significantly decreased right after lowering the share of caffeinated foods in the each day nervousness, sleep issues, and convulsions. Researchers report that these symptoms in diet plan. The half-life of caffeine in infants, specifically breastfed, foods in the each day diet. in an infants considerably decreased after minimizing the share of caffeinated is significantly longer than adult, and hence poses a greater threat breastfed, is a great deal longer than in an adult, as well as the half-life of caffeine in infants, in particular to infants [6]. Caffeine is higher threat to infants [6]. consequently poses a metabolized inside the liver and roughly two of caffeine is excreted inside the urine in unchanged kind, whileand decomposition produces paraxanthine, theobroCaffeine is metabolized inside the liver its roughly two of caffeine is excreted within the urine and theophylline, though its decomposition produces paraxanthine, theobromine, mine, in unchanged kind, plus the final metabolite is 1methyl uric acid [5,7,8].CNTF Protein MedChemExpress The metaboand of caffeine is shown final metabolite is 1methyl constitutes around 72 lism theophylline, as well as the in Figure 1.TFRC Protein MedChemExpress Paraxanthine uric acid [5,7,8].PMID:32926338 The metabolism of cafof caffeine is shown in Figure 1. Paraxanthine constitutes constitute ten and five , respectively feine metabolites, and theophylline and theobromineapproximately 72 of caffeine metabolites, and theophylline and theobromine constitute ten and 5 , respectively [8,9]. [8,9]. Theobromine is really a metabolite of caffeine; additionally, it truly is the main methylxanthine Theobromine is often a metabolite of caffeine; in addition, it is actually the main methylxanthine contained contained inside the ratio of caffeine to theobromineto theobromine in cocoa is 1:five presence cocoa [10]. The ratio of caffeine in cocoa is 1:five [11]. Thus, the [11]. Hence, in cocoa [10]. thetheobromine in the every day dietin the everyday eating plan a greater extent by cocoa consumption cocoa of presence of theobromine is determined to is determined to a greater extent by consumption than by coffee or tea. than by coffee or tea.Figure 1. Caffeine Figure 1. Caffeinemetabolism. Source: own elaboration based on: [12]. [12]. metabolism. Supply: own elaboration based on:Caffeine is often a chemical compound discovered in beverages: coffee, tea, and power drinks; Caffeine is usually a chemical and sweets identified Energy drinks coffee, tea, and include and in meals: chocolate, cocoa,compound [13,14]. in beverages: and instant coffeeenergy drinks; and most caffeine in an averageand sweets [13,14]. Energy drinks and instant coffee include the in meals: chocolate, cocoa, serving. With regards to tea, leaf tea, both black and green, the mostmore caffeine. Levels of caffeine are With regards to tea, leafdark chocolate than in green, contains caffeine in an average serving. more than 3-fold larger in tea, both b.